[ih] The linux router project and wifi routers
Jack Haverty
jack at 3kitty.org
Fri Nov 4 08:36:17 PDT 2022
I agree, fascinating to hear more of the story behind the scenes. I can
add a little bit of anecdotal history to the Cisco Story...
In the later 80s, BBN was building out the DDN, and it was a
schizophrenic era. TCP was mandated as a DoD Standard, but the
interface to the DDN IMPs was X.25, and there was much activity in
progress to evolve to OSI. One of our DDN tasks was to provide "System
Engineering", which primarily involved helping DoD users get their
systems up and running on the DDN. But it was a general purpose task,
so it was also used for various consulting work primarily on technical
issues.
I was the BBN guy responsible for that task, and I remember being
"invited" to a meeting down somewhere in the bowels of DC. It was
somewhere in the 1986-88 timeframe. The DDN was getting a pitch from
some startup company trying to get its products into the (huge) DoD
market, and DDN management needed some technical advice before making
any purchase decisions. So I got on a plane and ended up in the
meeting listening to "the pitch".
The speaker was Len Bosack, whom I had never met or even heard about.
I'm not sure, but I think Sandy was there also as part of their small
sales team.
I don't recall exactly what was in the pitch, but it did cover how their
new boxes would fit into the DDN environment. DDN users, like everyone
else using computers at the time, could plug their big mainframe-class
computers into a DDN IMP. But there was no comprehensive solution for
all those LANs that were popping up everywhere, and all those
workstations that were appearing. The startup claimed to have a solution.
After the pitch ended, questions ensued. There were questions for Len
and crew. But finally one of the DoD guys in charge turned to me and
said something like "Will this work?"
I was working for BBN, who were responsible for the "core gateways" of
the Internet at the time, as well as for the DDN itself. So I think
they expected me to explain all the reasons why it was a terrible idea
and all network equipment had to come from BBN or the entire DDN would
be in danger. That's what vendors did.
But I was also acting as a technical consultant, in effect working for
DoD to provide guidance on technical issues. So I thought for a few
seconds. We had recently created the notion of Autonomous Systems and
the EGP protocol to provide a means for protecting different pieces of
the Internet from the shenanigans of other pieces. We (BBN) had also
been lobbying about the need for mechanisms that made routing decisions
based on metrics such as delay, bandwidth, etc. Autonomous Systems
were created with the goal of enabling other groups to try out other
ideas, in hopes that someone would find the right technology to be
folded into the next generation of TCP/IP standards. The startup had
some plausible ideas.
It wasn't clear that the startup's approach was the right answer. But it
also wouldn't hurt to try out such new ideas. Most importantly, it
wouldn't be likely to cause any serious problems within the DDN.
So I answered, something like "Yes, it should work."
The System Engineering group at BBN had a motto: "It shouild all 'just
work'. But it never does. We make it work." Over the next few years,
we helped a lot of DDN users get their brand new cisco gateways up and
running.
Sadly, I didn't appreciate the impact of the transition of the Internet
from research to commercial environments. The research idea was to
encourage many groups to try out their technical ideas, winnow out the
best, and incorporate that into the next generation standards. In
business, managers often choose to keep their ideas secret, protect them
with patents and NDAs, and strive to become the dominant supplier of
whatever they're selling. I'm not sure what happened with internal
mechanisms such as routing, congestion contorl, et al over the decades
since the 80s, especially the mess when multiprotocol routers were
common. But it would be an interesting topic for some historian.
So that's my piece of the story....
Jack Haverty
On 11/4/22 06:13, Guy Almes via Internet-history wrote:
> Barbara,
> This is very interesting, and it's more interesting than the details
> of licenses and litigation.
>
> When I first met Len in March 1987, he was very proud of Cisco's
> IGRP routing protocol. It was indeed better than RIP, of course. Len
> boasted that IGRP combined five different routing metrics, etc.
>
> Once we had a few Cisco routers at Rice, I wrote a program to watch
> and try to interpret the IGRP packets being broadcast from the
> routers. There were indeed five fields.
> One was a packet delay. It was sort of in msec, but was a
> configured value at the router rather than measured delay.
> A second was the reciprocal of bandwidth of the line.
> The other three were empty, but I think one was to eventually be
> something like quality or packet loss or such. I've forgotten if
> there were any clues about the intention of the other fields.
> To the best of my knowledge, IGRP never was upgraded to use the
> other three fields. But, considering the wide variety of propagation
> delays in the 1980s (geosynchronous satellites vs microwave, for
> example) and the wide variety of bandwidths (9.6 kb/s vs T1, for
> example), the two that IGRP had were an interesting advance.
> But Cisco clearly intended IGRP to be used only in Cisco routers, so
> it had minimal influence on the broader router design space.
> It would indeed be interesting to know more about JJ's contribution
> to IGRP.
>
> In parallel, it's commonly understood that both Len and Sandy put
> huge effort into Cisco, but Len always seemed more visible and
> outspoken. It would be interesting to know more about Sandy's
> contributions.
>
> -- Guy
>
> On 11/4/22 1:42 AM, Barbara Denny via Internet-history wrote:
>> Sorry everyone for being cryptic. I should have checked Wikipedia
>> first. At the time this happened, I was asked not to discuss it.
>> Anyway, EIGRP was based on JJ Garcia-Luna- Aceves' Routing Update
>> ALgorithm(DUAL). JJ was at SRI. Perhaps you already knew this. I was
>> asked by a friend working at Cisco to set up a meeting with JJ to see
>> if Cisco could get access to his work. I was at this meeting as well.
>> barbara
>> On Thursday, November 3, 2022 at 08:24:11 PM PDT, Barbara Denny
>> via Internet-history <internet-history at elists.isoc.org> wrote:
>> Unfortunately I feel I can't relate a story regarding Cisco's
>> routing software. I think it is okay to say its lineage is probably
>> different than what you think.
>>> From what I remember, Sandy Lerner played a significant part in
>>> getting the company off the ground.
>> barbara
>>
>> On Thursday, November 3, 2022 at 06:13:54 PM PDT, Guy Almes via
>> Internet-history <internet-history at elists.isoc.org> wrote:
>> Geoff,
>> This is very interesting.
>> For those sufficiently interested in the details of how Cisco's early
>> hardware and software relate to Stanford (and SUN Microsystems) IP, the
>> email thread referred to below tell (at least the Stanford side of) the
>> story in some detail.
>>
>> Earlier today, I'd expressed some confusion about how (a) Tom
>> Rindfleisch had mentioned Cisco licensing Stanford IP in 1986 and (b)
>> Stanford considering litigation against Cisco in spring 1987.
>> The Reader's Digest version includes that (a) there were numerous
>> things that Cisco should have licensed from Stanford and getting the
>> correct licenses in place was a process that ran for about 12 months
>> from spring 1986 to spring 1987, while (b) a number of Cisco's actions
>> that transcended licensing issues continued to irritate (mild version)
>> Stanford.
>> And, while the information from <saildart.org> is very valuable
>> historically, it does tell (only) one side of the story.
>>
>> Without taking a stance on where credit/blame should fall, I will
>> make one simple observation: at least in hindsight, what was being
>> fought over was not what I expected. Most of it was about detailed work
>> on printed circuit boards that were modern but not with any big claim to
>> being patent-able or otherwise huge in import. What I'd expected was
>> that the routing software was the big deal and, viewed decades later, I
>> think that Stanford Univ Network software as a basis for the very early
>> Cisco gateways was the big deal. All the haggling over circuit boards
>> strikes me (again from decades of hindsight) as Bosack trying to pay as
>> little as possible to get the Cisco gateway/router business "off the
>> ground".
>> Bosack deserves credit for understanding how big a business the
>> router business would soon be and the urgency to get it going. The sad
>> thing is the graceless way he grabbed Stanford IP to get it going
>> cheaper and faster. This apart from legal issues which I will avoid
>> judging (at least since the <saildart.org> archives vividly paint one
>> side of the story).
>>
>> From an Internet History point of view, understanding how this came
>> about is of legitimate interest, again apart from forming a judgment
>> about who was legally correct.
>> And, to be clear, Cisco was not the first: Proteon over in New
>> England was designing / building / shipping routers in parallel.
>>
>> All for now.
>> -- Guy
>>
>>
>> On 11/3/22 2:35 PM, the keyboard of geoff goodfellow via
>> Internet-history wrote:
>>> vis-a-vis "The director of the AI Lab, Lester Ernest, mostly was
>>> concerned
>>> that Len had been collecting his Stanford salary and using the
>>> facilities
>>> he supposedly managed to design the Cisco variant. Les has published
>>> a bit
>>> out this informally, including an email thread from the time."
>>>
>>> the complete email thread from the time can be seen by going to
>>> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.saildart.org/*5B1,LES*5D/__;JSU!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2dTU_I6w$
>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.saildart.org/*5B1,LES*5D/__;JSU!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2dTU_I6w$>
>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.saildart.org/*5B1,LES*5D/__;JSU!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2dTU_I6w$>
>>> >
>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.saildart.org/*5B1,LES*5D/__;JSU!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2dTU_I6w$>
>>>> then be paging down thru the list of files on the
>>> left hand side of your screen until you start seeing a
>>> series of "CISCO.MSG" files... beginning with
>>> 1986-05-27 15:32 CISCO .MSG [ 1,LES] 1 23040
>>> ***BUT/HOWEVER, keep on paging down the
>>> list of CISCO.MSG files until you get to the
>>> final "CISCO.MSG" file at
>>> 1988-07-21 14:44 CISCO .MSG [ 1,LES] 20 311040
>>> then if you click on this "CISCO.MSG" you'll then see
>>> everything regarding this "history" from the beginning.
>>>
>>> geoff
>>>
>>>
>>> On Thu, Nov 3, 2022 at 11:14 AM Bill Nowicki via Internet-history <
>>> internet-history at elists.isoc.org> wrote:
>>>
>>>>
>>>> Yes, the details might not have been public at the time, since it
>>>> might
>>>> have looked bad. What I meant was that about once a year the claim
>>>> by Cisco
>>>> marketing that they "invented" the multi-protocol router comes up.
>>>> Usually,
>>>> Noel Chiappa points out that MIT had one earlier (Stanford even had at
>>>> least two of those, based on the PDP-11 and MIT-written software)
>>>> before
>>>> then. I see such a discussion on this list in 2017 for example.
>>>> And yes,
>>>> most of the early 1980 efforts used concepts from the Xerox PARC PUP
>>>> architecture. PARC was on Stanford land, a short bike ride up the
>>>> hill. I
>>>> was a summer intern at Xerox, and bunches of us went up to the
>>>> "dealer"
>>>> seminars. There were various meetings with people from MIT, CMU,
>>>> ISI and
>>>> other DARPA contractors, where ideas were freely interchanged.
>>>> Cisco's first product, by the way, was an Ethernet adapter for the
>>>> Massbus
>>>> on a DecSystem-20, but re-using the router hardware and software
>>>> gave them
>>>> a head start on the router business. By late 1986 it became a
>>>> three-way
>>>> discussion between Sun, Cisco and Stanford office of technology
>>>> licensing
>>>> (OTL). It was complicated by the fact that Andy had tried to
>>>> license the
>>>> original Stanford design (funded by NSF and DARPA), but OTL said
>>>> patents
>>>> would be hard since it was a modular design with standard parts!
>>>> There was
>>>> at least one patent on the graphics board, but Cisco did not use the
>>>> graphics board. Andy Bechtolscheim had been at the Sun Microsystems
>>>> company
>>>> for a while (I was too by then). His hardware design had diverged
>>>> from Len
>>>> Bosack's, and Cisco ended up totally rewriting their software
>>>> without any
>>>> Bill Yeager code.
>>>> The director of the AI Lab, Lester Ernest, mostly was concerned
>>>> that Len
>>>> had been collecting his Stanford salary and using the facilities he
>>>> supposedly managed to design the Cisco variant. Les has published a
>>>> bit out
>>>> this informally, including an email thread from the time. Most of
>>>> the bad
>>>> feelings went under the bridge due to the large discount that Cisco
>>>> and Sun
>>>> gave to Stanford, making the university a flagship beta customer.
>>>> Cisco was
>>>> trying to position themselves as the "high end" with high list
>>>> prices and
>>>> discounts negotiated to each customer so they each thought they were
>>>> getting a great deal.
>>>> If nothing else, there were follow-on "gifts" (which could be tax
>>>> deductible!) including endowing a professorship. I did find these:
>>>> Cisco endows professorship in information technology
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> |
>>>> |
>>>> | |
>>>> Cisco endows professorship in information technology
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> |
>>>>
>>>> |
>>>>
>>>> |
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.quora.com/Did-Cisco-actually-invent-the-modern-router-Or-did-they-just-perfected-it__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP1tS1kYjw$
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.quora.com/Did-Cisco-actually-invent-the-modern-router-Or-did-they-just-perfected-it__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP1tS1kYjw$>
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.quora.com/Did-Cisco-actually-invent-the-modern-router-Or-did-they-just-perfected-it__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP1tS1kYjw$>
>>>> >> >> >>
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.quora.com/Did-Cisco-actually-invent-the-modern-router-Or-did-they-just-perfected-it__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP1tS1kYjw$>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>> Bill
>>>> On Thursday, November 3, 2022 at 09:53:39 AM PDT, Barbara Denny
>>>> via
>>>> Internet-history <internet-history at elists.isoc.org> wrote:
>>>>
>>>> At least one of those people worked at SRI before moving to
>>>> Stanford and
>>>> then Cisco. There were other sources of early technology transfer.
>>>> Later on I was also asked by the military to try to get early
>>>> commercial
>>>> router vendors to support one protocol they were interested in.
>>>> barbara
>>>> On Thursday, November 3, 2022 at 08:54:55 AM PDT, Craig
>>>> Partridge via
>>>> Internet-history <internet-history at elists.isoc.org> wrote:
>>>>
>>>> Perhaps helpful with the archaeology.
>>>>
>>>> Several of the single digit employees at Cisco were former Stanford IT
>>>> folks who had worked on the routers. And the routers were actively
>>>> used
>>>> for research -- people were periodically making enhancements based
>>>> on new
>>>> research and then getting them deployed in the Stanford routers.
>>>>
>>>> I remember one person who leveraged the routers for research
>>>> despairing as
>>>> all the folks who had supported his research were now at Cisco.
>>>>
>>>> So, and purely speculating, there may have been concerns about a
>>>> continuing
>>>> transfer of knowledge/ideas post any initial license as Stanford
>>>> employees
>>>> who were engaged in improving the Stanford devices then went to
>>>> Cisco, with
>>>> improvements in their heads.
>>>>
>>>> Craig
>>>>
>>>> On Thu, Nov 3, 2022 at 9:07 AM Guy Almes via Internet-history <
>>>> internet-history at elists.isoc.org> wrote:
>>>>
>>>> > Dave,
>>>> > The word I heard went into some detail on the discounts, but I
>>>> recall
>>>> > wondering why no mention was made of equity. I hope your memory is
>>>> > correct and that Stanford did get some equity.
>>>> > So, in itself, the "Stanford thought about suing them but didn't"
>>>> > story is not very interesting.
>>>> > The more interesting thing would be why they were upset at cisco.
>>>> > Particularly given Tom's account stating that cisco had received a
>>>> > license during 1986.
>>>> >
>>>> > By the way, I still recall my initial visit to cisco in March
>>>> 1987.
>>>> > At the time, all of cisco was in a suite of offices and lab space
>>>> on the
>>>> > second floor of a nondescript building in Menlo Park. Len Bosack
>>>> met me
>>>> > and stressed (a) the advanced nature of their routers vis a vis the
>>>> > competition and (b) his ambition for cisco. Even though the office
>>>> > suite was loosely furnished, his Board Room included a map of the
>>>> world.
>>>> >
>>>> > We ended up placing a huge (seven routers) order with cisco and I
>>>> > never regretted it. It was neat being able to call cisco to
>>>> report a
>>>> > bug, getting a sngle-digit-employee-number person to answer the
>>>> call and
>>>> > have a new version of the software without the bug by close of
>>>> business
>>>> > that day. Needless to say, that didn't last for more than a year
>>>> or so.
>>>> >
>>>> > But I also recall friends at Stanford being very critical of the
>>>> > cisco-Stanford relationship during this period, so it's definitely
>>>> > Internet history of interest.
>>>> >
>>>> > -- Guy
>>>> >
>>>> > On 11/3/22 9:05 AM, Dave Crocker via Internet-history wrote:
>>>> > > On 11/3/2022 5:52 AM, Guy Almes via Internet-history wrote:
>>>> > >> During spring 1987, however, when I was shopping for routers
>>>> for an
>>>> > >> NSFnet regional network, I was made aware of quite a bit of
>>>> > >> uncertainty about whether Stanford was going to sue cisco over
>>>> some
>>>> > >> Intellectual Property issues. Evidently there was a
>>>> settlement that
>>>> > >> gave Stanford a discount on buying cisco routers.
>>>> > >
>>>> > > Adding to the rumors...
>>>> > >
>>>> > > At the time, I heard all of the above, with the closure being
>>>> that the
>>>> > > settlement was Stanford's getting some cisco shares.
>>>> > >
>>>> > > d/
>>>> > >
>>>> > > --
>>>> > > Dave Crocker
>>>> > > Brandenburg InternetWorking
>>>> > > bbiw.net
>>>> > >
>>>> > > --
>>>> > > Internet-history mailing list
>>>> > > Internet-history at elists.isoc.org
>>>> > >
>>>> >
>>>> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!BhF0ReQHMaqoADPF_U5qv64gz2QkgRzsfjNXf3lxD3_pDoZEM9E7yGatUubyNFwDqrjZ0I84Z04rdpTZI1b9NHMpyQw-1A$
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!BhF0ReQHMaqoADPF_U5qv64gz2QkgRzsfjNXf3lxD3_pDoZEM9E7yGatUubyNFwDqrjZ0I84Z04rdpTZI1b9NHMpyQw-1A$>>
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!BhF0ReQHMaqoADPF_U5qv64gz2QkgRzsfjNXf3lxD3_pDoZEM9E7yGatUubyNFwDqrjZ0I84Z04rdpTZI1b9NHMpyQw-1A$
>>>> >>>>
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!BhF0ReQHMaqoADPF_U5qv64gz2QkgRzsfjNXf3lxD3_pDoZEM9E7yGatUubyNFwDqrjZ0I84Z04rdpTZI1b9NHMpyQw-1A$
>>>>>>> <
>>>> >
>>>> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!BhF0ReQHMaqoADPF_U5qv64gz2QkgRzsfjNXf3lxD3_pDoZEM9E7yGatUubyNFwDqrjZ0I84Z04rdpTZI1b9NHMpyQw-1A$
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!BhF0ReQHMaqoADPF_U5qv64gz2QkgRzsfjNXf3lxD3_pDoZEM9E7yGatUubyNFwDqrjZ0I84Z04rdpTZI1b9NHMpyQw-1A$>>
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!BhF0ReQHMaqoADPF_U5qv64gz2QkgRzsfjNXf3lxD3_pDoZEM9E7yGatUubyNFwDqrjZ0I84Z04rdpTZI1b9NHMpyQw-1A$
>>>> >>>>
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!BhF0ReQHMaqoADPF_U5qv64gz2QkgRzsfjNXf3lxD3_pDoZEM9E7yGatUubyNFwDqrjZ0I84Z04rdpTZI1b9NHMpyQw-1A$
>>>>>>>>
>>>> > >
>>>> > --
>>>> > Internet-history mailing list
>>>> > Internet-history at elists.isoc.org
>>>> >
>>>> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$>
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$>
>>>> >>
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$>
>>>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> --
>>>> *****
>>>> Craig Partridge's email account for professional society activities
>>>> and
>>>> mailing lists.
>>>> --
>>>> Internet-history mailing list
>>>> Internet-history at elists.isoc.org
>>>> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$>
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$>
>>>> >> >>
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$>
>>>>
>>>>> --
>>>> Internet-history mailing list
>>>> Internet-history at elists.isoc.org
>>>> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$>
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$>
>>>> >> >>
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$>
>>>>
>>>>> --
>>>> Internet-history mailing list
>>>> Internet-history at elists.isoc.org
>>>> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$>
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$>
>>>> >> >> >
>>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>> --
>>> Geoff.Goodfellow at iconia.com
>>> living as The Truth is True
>>> --
>>> Internet-history mailing list
>>> Internet-history at elists.isoc.org
>>> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$
>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$>
>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$>
>>> >
>>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!HSdKGlpgiEyELxfCJMsw3qM7bEuYecJZB4MeVDzWxcUqjmPyqAnlxV0XYQWDqVoJP6rdTj1BjR-NWCAlntZTMP2Mo0lD_A$>
>>>>
>> --
>> Internet-history mailing list
>> Internet-history at elists.isoc.org
>> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!H7aIyc0I7z0LNgiJBrWxyFadLTuv2ZbtrtH1Rag4O4f0RX7v_zLIR4MEoIDGN9EqqvggurteXVb87epOdvppaXJSrEN67w$
>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!H7aIyc0I7z0LNgiJBrWxyFadLTuv2ZbtrtH1Rag4O4f0RX7v_zLIR4MEoIDGN9EqqvggurteXVb87epOdvppaXJSrEN67w$>
>>
>> --
>> Internet-history mailing list
>> Internet-history at elists.isoc.org
>> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!H7aIyc0I7z0LNgiJBrWxyFadLTuv2ZbtrtH1Rag4O4f0RX7v_zLIR4MEoIDGN9EqqvggurteXVb87epOdvppaXJSrEN67w$
>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!H7aIyc0I7z0LNgiJBrWxyFadLTuv2ZbtrtH1Rag4O4f0RX7v_zLIR4MEoIDGN9EqqvggurteXVb87epOdvppaXJSrEN67w$>
>>
>> --
>> Internet-history mailing list
>> Internet-history at elists.isoc.org
>> https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!H7aIyc0I7z0LNgiJBrWxyFadLTuv2ZbtrtH1Rag4O4f0RX7v_zLIR4MEoIDGN9EqqvggurteXVb87epOdvppaXJSrEN67w$
>> <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://elists.isoc.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history__;!!KwNVnqRv!H7aIyc0I7z0LNgiJBrWxyFadLTuv2ZbtrtH1Rag4O4f0RX7v_zLIR4MEoIDGN9EqqvggurteXVb87epOdvppaXJSrEN67w$>
>>
>>
More information about the Internet-history
mailing list