[ih] History of the Internet in Russia

[Johan Helsingius]

Did you on purpose end your quote just before this part?

DEMOS-based network
Main articles: DEMOS and RELCOM
After invading Afghanistan, the Soviet Union found itself under 
sanctions. However, a group of developers made a Russian version of the 
Unix operating system, secretly brought from America, and called it 
DEMOS. Some Unix developers, working at the Kurchatov Nuclear Energy 
Research Institute created a network that used DEMOS, namely RELCOM. The 
main feature of this network was that it was a fully horizontal network, 
i.e. each networked computer could directly communicate with other 
computers on the network. Many labs took part in joint experiments, so 
rapid communication was very much needed. Therefore, the first network 
users were mainly Soviet research institutes, so they could exchange 
scientific information more rapidly.

	Julf



On 18/03/2022 20:05, the keyboard of geoff goodfellow via 
Internet-history wrote:
> EXCERPTing from
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia:
> 
> "*Background*
> 
> In the USSR <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR>, the first computer
> networks appeared in the 1950s in missile defense
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_defense> system at Sary Shagan
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sary_Shagan> (first they were tested in
> Moscow at Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebedev_Institute_of_Precision_Mechanics_and_Computer_Engineering>).
> In the 1960s, the massive computer network project called OGAS
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGAS> was proposed but failed to be
> implemented.[3]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia#cite_note-3>
>   Apollo–Soyuz <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz> USA–USSR
> joint space program (1972–1975) used digital data for spaceships
> transmitted between two countries.[4]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia#cite_note-4>
> 
> Since the late 1970s, X.25 Soviet
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet> networks
> began to appear and Akademset <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademset> emerged
> in Leningrad <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad> in 1978. By 1982
> VNIIPAS <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VNIIPAS>[5]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia#cite_note-5>
> institute
> was created in Moscow <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow> to serve as
> Akademset's central node, which established X.25 regular connection to IIASA
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIASA> in Austria (which allowed access to
> other worldwide networks). In 1983, VNIIPAS together with USA government
> and George Soros <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Soros> created
> Soviet X.25 service provider called SFMT ("San Francisco — Moscow
> Teleport") that later became Sovam Teleport
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia#Sovam_Teleport>
> ("Soviet-American
> Teleport"). VNIIPAS also provided X.25 services, including over satellite,
> to Eastern bloc <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_bloc> countries
> together with Mongolia, Cuba and Vietnam. At the time, Western users of
> Usenet <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet> were generally unaware of
> that, and considered such networking in USSR unexistent, so one of them on
> April 1, 1984 made an "April fool
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day>" hoax about "Kremvax
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremvax>" ("Kremlin
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin> VAX
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX>") that gained some popularity for
> subsequent years. USSR nominally joined private Fidonet
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNet> network in October 1990 when first
> node of *Region 50* appeared in Novosibirsk
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk>.
> 
> Some of the early Soviet/Russian networks were also initiated as parts of
> BITNET <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITNET>.
> Foundation of the Russian Internet
> See also: Internet in Russia § History
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Russia#History>
> Sovam Teleport
> Main articles: Akademset <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademset> and
> VNIIPAS <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VNIIPAS>
> 
> Sovam Teleport is a Russian telecommunications company that was founded in
> 1990. The company was established as a joint venture of the San Francisco
> Moscow Teleport network and the All-Russian Research Institute of Automated
> Application Systems (ВНИИПАС) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VNIIPAS>.[6]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia#cite_note-6>
> The
> name stands for "Short sOViet-AMerican Teleport".
> 
> San Francisco Moscow Teleport (SFMT) was launched in 1983 by financier
> George Soros and American Joel Schatz[7]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia#cite_note-7>
> with
> the support of the US government. It was a non-profit project with a goal
> to expand the Internet to the USSR. In 1986, the project changed its status
> and became a commercial enterprise. The All-Russian Research Institute of
> Automated Application Systems provided a data transmission network with
> some countries in Eastern Europe, as well as Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam,
> almost all of the data traffic was scientific and technical information,
> and in 1983 organized a non-state email network. By the beginning of the
> 1990s, almost half of the VNII traffic amounted to operational data from
> electronic mail systems.[8]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia#cite_note-:0-8>
> 
> The company's first network was built on the X.25 protocol
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25> in 1990. In 1992, Sovam Teleport began
> to build a UUCP <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP> mail and terminal
> access system through American servers. Johnson & Johnson, Coca-Cola,
> DuPont, Estee Lauder, Time magazine, and France Presse were among the first
> corporate clients of the company. Since 1992, the British company Cable &
> Wireless, which has its own fiber-optic channels in Europe, has become the
> third co-founder of the company. On June 4, 1992, the company was
> re-registered as a limited liability partnership, and all three co-founders
> - Cable & Wireless, All-Russian Research Institute of Automated Application
> Systems and SFMT - received almost equal shares. On July 28, 1993, a
> communications center in Tashkent began servicing customers. The provider
> domain sovam.com, which opened on February 24, 1994, became the first
> public Internet site in Russia.[8]
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia#cite_note-:0-8>
> 
> Sovam Teleport in early 1990s became a first SWIFT
> <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT> network provider for emerging Russian
> banks (over x.25)."
> 
> [...]
> 
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia
> 
> 
>