[Chapter-delegates] NY Times article "Where the Internet Goes"

Mon Dec 30 19:28:50 PST 2013

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/31/science/viewing-where-the-internet-goes.html?ref=science?src=dayp&_r=0

Viewing Where the Internet GoesBy JOHN
MARKOFF<http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/john_markoff/index.html>

Will 2014 be the year that the Internet is reined in?

When Edward J. Snowden, the disaffected National Security Agency contract
employee, purloined tens of thousands of classified
documents<http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/us/how-edward-j-snowden-orchestrated-a-blockbuster-story.html?_r=1&>
from
computers around the world, his actions — and their still-reverberating
consequences — heightened international pressure to control the network
that has increasingly become the world’s stage. At issue is the technical
principle that is the basis for the Internet, its “any-to-any”
connectivity. That capability has defined the technology ever since Vinton
Cerf <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/932769/Vinton-Gray-Cerf>
 and Robert Kahn<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/932776/Robert-Elliot-Kahn>sequestered
themselves in the conference room of a Palo Alto, Calif., hotel in 1973,
with the task of interconnecting computer networks for an elite group of
scientists, engineers and military personnel.

The two men wound up developing a simple and universal set of rules for
exchanging digital information — the conventions of the modern Internet.
Despite many technological changes, their work prevails.

But while the Internet’s global capability to connect anyone with anything
has affected every nook and cranny of modern life — with politics,
education, espionage, war, civil liberties, entertainment, sex, science,
finance and manufacturing all transformed — its growth increasingly
presents paradoxes.

It was, for example, the Internet’s global reach that made classified
documents available to Mr. Snowden — and made it so easy for him to
distribute them to news organizations.

Yet the Internet also made possible widespread surveillance, a practice
that alarmed Mr. Snowden and triggered his plan to steal and publicly
release the information.

With the Snowden affair starkly highlighting the issues, the new year is
likely to see renewed calls to change the way the Internet is governed. In
particular, governments that do not favor the free flow of information,
especially if it’s through a system designed by Americans, would like to
see the Internet regulated in a way that would “Balkanize” it by preventing
access to certain websites.

The debate right now involves two international organizations, usually
known by their acronyms, with different views: Icann <http://www.icann.org/>,
the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, and the
I.T.U.<http://www.itu.int/en/about/Pages/default.aspx>,
or International Telecommunication Union.

Icann, a nonprofit that oversees the Internet’s basic functions, like the
assignment of names to websites, was established in 1998 by the United
States government to create an international forum for “governing” the
Internet. The United States continues to favor this group.

The I.T.U., created in 1865 as the International Telegraph
Convention<http://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/PlenipotentiaryConferences.aspx?conf=1&dms=S0201000001>,
is the United Nations telecommunications regulatory agency. Nations like
Brazil, China and Russia have been pressing the United States to switch
governance of the Internet to this organization.

Dr. Cerf, 70, and Dr. Kahn, 75, have taken slightly different positions on
the matter. Dr. Cerf, who was chairman of Icann from 2000-7, has become
known as an informal “Internet ambassador” and a strong proponent of an
Internet that remains independent of state control. He has been one of the
major supporters of the idea of “network neutrality” — the principle that
Internet service providers should enable access to all content and
applications, regardless of the source.

Dr. Kahn has made a determined effort to stay out of the network neutrality
debate. Nevertheless, he has been more willing to work with the I.T.U.,
particularly in attempting to build support for a system, known as Digital
Object Architecture, for tracking and authenticating all content
distributed through the Internet.

Both men agreed to sit down, in separate interviews, to talk about their
views on the Internet’s future. The interviews were edited and condensed.

*The Internet Ambassador*

After serving as a program manager at the Pentagon’s Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency <http://www.darpa.mil/>, Vinton Cerf joined MCI
Communications Corp., an early commercial Internet company that was purchased
by Verizon <http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/07/business/07verizon.html> in
2006, to lead the development of electronic mail systems for the Internet.
In 2005, he became a vice president and “Internet evangelist” for Google.
Last year he became the president of the Association for Computing
Machinery<http://www.acm.org/>,
a leading international educational and scientific computing society.

*Q. Edward Snowden’s actions have raised a new storm of controversy about
the role of the Internet. Is it a significant new challenge to an open and
global Internet?*

*A. *The answer is no, I don’t think so. There are some similar analogues
in history. The French historically copied every telex or every telegram
that you sent, and they shared it with businesses in order to remain
competitive. And when that finally became apparent, it didn’t shut down the
telegraph system.

The Snowden revelations will increase interest in end-to-end cryptography
for encrypting information both in transit and at rest. For many of us,
including me, who believe that is an important capacity to have, this
little crisis may be the trigger that induces people to spend time and
energy learning how to use it.

*You’ve drawn the analogy to a road or highway system. That brings to mind
the idea of requiring a driver’s license to use the Internet, which raises
questions about responsibility and anonymity.*

I still believe that anonymity is an important capacity, that people should
have the ability to speak anonymously. It’s argued that people will be
encouraged to say untrue things, harmful things, especially if they believe
they are anonymous.

There is a tension there, because in some environments the only way you
will be able to behave safely is to have some anonymity.

The other side of this coin is that I believe that strong authentication is
necessary. We must support the entire spectrum here. In some cases you want
whistle-blowing kinds of capacity that will protect anonymity. Some
governments will not tolerate anonymity, and in our government it’s still
an open question.

*Can the Internet be governed effectively?*

I’m deliberately arguing that new institutions are not necessary.

*How significant is the danger that the Internet will be balkanized, as
critics of the I.T.U. fear?*

Balkanization is too simple of a concept. There is an odd mix of
permeability and impermeability in the Net. You won’t be able to
communicate with everyone, and not every application will be accessible to
everyone. We will be forced to lose the basic and simple notion that
everyone should be able to communicate with everyone else.

I’m disappointed that the idyllic and utopian model of everyone being able
to communicate with everyone else and do what they want to do will be —
what is the right word? Inhibited is the wrong word, because it sounds too
widespread — maybe variable is the best way of saying it. End-to-end
connectivity will vary depending on location.

*How has your original design weathered the test of time?*

Everything has expanded by a factor of a million since we turned it on in
1973. The number of machines on the network, the speeds of the network, the
kind of memory capacity that’s available, it’s all 10 to the sixth.

I would say that there aren’t too many systems that have been designed that
can handle a millionfold scaling without completely collapsing. But that
doesn’t mean that it will continue to work that way.

*Is the I.T.U. and its effort to take over governance a threat to an open
Internet?*

People complained about my nasty comment. I said that these dinosaurs don’t
know that they’re dead yet, because it takes so long for the signal to
traverse their long necks to get to their pea-sized brains. Some people
were insulted by that. I was pleased. It’s not at all clear to me that
I.T.U.'s standards-making activities have kept up with need. The
consequence of this is that they are less and less relevant.

*Beyond the mobile Internet and the Internet of things, what else do you
see on the horizon?*

There are a couple of things. One of them is related to measurement and
monitoring. It gives us the ability to see trends and to see things that we
might not see if we under-sample. That, plus being able to see large
aggregates of what we hope is sufficiently anonymized information, can help
us reveal states that we might not otherwise see.

It is like being able to figure out flu trends. I think of it as a kind of
sociological or a socioeconomic CT scan that is helping us to see the
dynamics in the world in a way that we couldn’t otherwise see. And of
course it leads to all kinds of worries about privacy and the like.

*The Engineer*

An official with Darpa from 1972 to 1985, Robert Kahn created the Corporation
for National Research Initiatives <http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/>, based in
Reston, Va., in 1986. There he has focused on managing and distributing all
of the world’s digital content — as a nonproprietary Google. He has
cooperated with the I.T.U. on the development of new network standards.

*Q. The Snowden affair raises a paradox. The Internet made it relatively
easy for him to do what he did, and at the same time it enabled the
dramatic increase in surveillance that alarmed him. How do you sort that
out?*

*A. *I would push back on that a little bit. You could say oxygen made it
possible for him to do that, because without it he wouldn’t be alive. Or
his parents made it possible for him to do that.

*Does the scandal imply anything about the future of the Internet more
generally?*

You can’t gaze in the crystal ball and see the future. What the Internet is
going to be in the future is what society makes it. It will be what the
businesses offer, it will be new products and services. It’s the new ideas
that show up that nobody thought of before.

*And looking farther down the road?*

If you ask me what it’s going to look like in 100 years, I’m sure there are
going to be some things that are similar. That is, everyone will say we
know we need connectivity between computational devices. We all know that
access to information is important, so what’s different? It is just the
same as it was back then.

You can say the same thing about transportation. What’s new about
transportation? Well, people still need to get from here to there, and
sometimes it’s not safe. You can get there faster, but that’s just a
parameter that’s changed.

*Has the Snowden scandal changed the dynamics surrounding privacy and
surveillance? How will it affect the debate?*

There have always been ways in which people can access things, so instead
of being able to log in because he had a key to this file, or this password
or this firewall, he had a key to a physical room or a key to a safe.

Thievery of this sort is not new. The question is, did it change the scale
of it. Probably. If it had been actually physical stuff, someone would have
said, “What are you doing with these trailer trunks walking out the door?”

*Is there a solution to challenges of privacy and security?*

In the 1990s when I was on the National Internet Infrastructure Advisory
Committee, Al Gore showed up as vice president, and he made an impassioned
pitch for Clipper
chip<http://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/24/business/of-privacy-and-security-the-clipper-chip-debate.html>[an
early government surveillance system]. He said, “We need to be very aware
of the needs of national security and law enforcement.” Even though the
private sector was arguing for tight encryption, the federal government
needed [to be able to conduct surveillance]. It never went, and it’s not
anywhere today. I think it’s probably easier to solve the
Israeli-Palestinian problem than it is to solve this.

*Can the Internet be governed? What about the disputes between the
different standards-setting bodies over control of the network?*

No matter what you do, any country in the world is going to have the
ability to set its own rules internally. Any country in the world can pull
the plug. It’s not a question of technical issues, it’s not a question of
right or wrong, it’s not a question of whether global Internet governance
is right or wrong. It’s just with us.

I used to do the Icann [management] function myself with one 3-by-5 card in
my pocket, and when I got two of them, I asked Jon
Postel<http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/19/us/jonathan-b-postel-a-pioneer-of-the-internet-is-dead-at-55.html>
if
he would take over. You have to put it in perspective. Now it’s a huge
business, and it gets caught up in a few things.

*Would it be possible to start over and build a new Internet to solve the
problems the current Internet faces?*

You can’t do a wholesale replacement. If you think there is too much spam
today, tell me what your solution is for it, because if you design a clean
slate Internet and you don’t have a solution for spam, you’re going to have
spam on your clean slate Internet and you’re going to have an argument for
yet another clean slate Internet because that one didn’t work. It’s like
saying we have crime in society, so let’s blow up the planet and build a
new one. There will probably be crime on the new planet.
Glenn McKnight
mcknight.glenn at gmail.com
skype  gmcknight
twitter gmcknight
.
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