<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">In principle, Ethernet collisions only occurred at during the first few bytes of the frame - the collision window - so it didn’t take long to backoff and recover. But the advent of full duplex in 10BASE-T eliminated collisions. <div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">We put positive acknowledgment in Wi-Fi because we predicted one undetected collision per 100 frames or so, owing to the lack of a reliable collision indicator. That appears to have been the right choice. <br class=""><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Jun 14, 2019, at 5:04 PM, Gordon Peterson <<a href="mailto:gep2@terabites.com" class="">gep2@terabites.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="">
  
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" class="">
  
  <div text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class=""><p class=""><br class="">
    </p>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 6/14/2019 4:53 PM, Richard Bennett
      wrote:<br class="">
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:687DADC4-D410-483A-A2DD-88009193329F@bennett.com" class="">
      <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" class="">
      The fact that ARCnet was essentially a plug-and-play system for
      converting 3270 terminal clusters - wire and all - into PC
      clusters was a huge selling point for departmental computing in
      the mid ‘80s and beyond. With a Novell file & print server,
      3270 emulation and file transfer on your PCs, a shared laser
      printer and a 3270 LAN gateway you were good to go.</blockquote>
    Sure!  And that you could just add a hub in your department, and the
    wire that used to carry the traffic from your (big/expensive) 3270
    cluster controller to just ONE terminal could now support a BUNCH of
    departmental computers!  As many as you needed!  All able to talk
    together.<br class="">
    <blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:687DADC4-D410-483A-A2DD-88009193329F@bennett.com" class="">
      <div class="">Classic Ethernet’s biggest flaw was its lack of the
        star topology used for office power, phones, and 3270s. </div>
    </blockquote>
    Basically, ALL classical distribution systems use "interconnected
    stars" topologies.  Water, electricity, storm sewers, food and
    product distribution, (yes) telephones, just about everything.  And
    with linear-bus Ethernet, adding a new drop ANYWHERE on the bus
    disrupted messages and electrical signals for the ENTIRE bus, until
    everything re-stabilized.  A map tack or paperclip could short out
    the whole linear bus, and it could take a LONG time to figure out
    where the problem was, and get it going again.<br class="">
    <blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:687DADC4-D410-483A-A2DD-88009193329F@bennett.com" class="">
      <div class="">Multi-port transceivers for Cheapernet remedied
        this, but they were very pricey before 10BASE-T.</div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class="">Metcalfe & crew believed active hubs would be
        bottlenecks, but that idea never made much sense; the active hub
        just needs to be as fast as each individual node.</div>
    </blockquote><p class="">It just needs to be as fast as the cable, the total bit rate at
      the active hub is the same.  And in ARCnet, any given cable is
      only carrying a single signal in one direction at any given time,
      and therefore you don't really have electrical signal collisions,
      and don't have any problems with reflections from taps or the ends
      of a cable.</p><p class="">More important, with ARCnet the originating RIM knows within
      about 5-10 microseconds of the end of a transmission whether the
      transmission was received (fully, correctly and completely) by the
      destination RIM... before the next packet is prepared and sent. 
      With Ethernet, you have to wait (maybe a LONG time) until
      higher-level protocols don't receive an expected result (if any). 
      Packet collisions (if any) can occur elsewhere in an Ethernet
      network, and may not be seen by the sender (since the collision
      elsewhere might occur after the sender has stopped sending).</p><p class="">ARCnet has the receiving node acknowledging (IMMEDIATELY) whether
      the received packet was received, fully buffered at the receiving
      end, with correct parity for each byte received, the correct CRC
      for the entire packet, and the correct number of bytes expected. 
      And the originating RIM gets this "positive ACK" before it sends
      another queued packet, or passes the "invitation to transmit"
      token on to the next node in the polling list.  So if your
      higher-level protocol is set so that ANY packet can be safely and
      simply re-transmitted (as The ARC System's protocols allowed) in
      case of ANY doubt, it makes it really easy to make a VERY robust
      and error-tolerant network architecture.<br class="">
    </p>
    <blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:687DADC4-D410-483A-A2DD-88009193329F@bennett.com" class="">
      <div class="">RB </div>
      <div class="">
        <div class=""><br class="">
          <blockquote type="cite" class="">
            <div class="">On Jun 14, 2019, at 2:30 PM, Gordon Peterson
              <<a href="mailto:gep2@terabites.com" class="" moz-do-not-send="true">gep2@terabites.com</a>> wrote:</div>
            <br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
            <div class="">
              <div class="moz-cite-prefix" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0,
                0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-style:
                normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal;
                letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent:
                0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration:
                none;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
                On 6/14/2019 3:02 PM, Clem Cole wrote:<br class="">
              </div>
              <blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:CAC20D2ONJvKMPmev3S_+mEV1KGabgo3xXspyTxyYujqUj3g4ig@mail.gmail.com" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px;
                font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
                -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color:
                rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none;" class="">
                <div dir="ltr" class="">
                  <div dir="ltr" class="">
                    <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:
                      arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br class="">
                    </div>
                  </div>
                  <br class="">
                  <div class="gmail_quote">
                    <div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Jun 14,
                      2019 at 3:52 PM Richard Bennett <<a href="mailto:richard@bennett.com" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">richard@bennett.com</a>>
                      wrote:<br class="">
                    </div>
                    <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin: 0px
                      0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 1px;
                      border-left-style: solid; border-left-color:
                      rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;">
                      <div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;" class="">The
                        PARC Ethernet that immediately preceded Blue
                        Book was 2.94 Mbps, not 3. The difference is
                        greater than the bandwidth of ARPANET at the
                        time. I think an even earlier prototype was 1
                        Mbps.</div>
                    </blockquote>
                    <div class="">
                      <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:
                        arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Right... in both
                        cases.   One of the guys (Roger Bates IIRC),
                        even calculated the number of bit of storage in
                        the PARC network >>wires<< at one
                        point.</div>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </blockquote>
              <span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:
                Helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
                font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal;
                letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent:
                0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration:
                none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Bob
                Metcalfe's original "Ether"net was a wired version of
                the University of Hawaii's "Project Aloha", which was a
                radio-broadcast network...</span><br style="caret-color:
                rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px;
                font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align:
                start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
                white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;
                -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color:
                rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none;" class="">
              <blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:CAC20D2ONJvKMPmev3S_+mEV1KGabgo3xXspyTxyYujqUj3g4ig@mail.gmail.com" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px;
                font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
                -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color:
                rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none;" class="">
                <div dir="ltr" class="">
                  <div class="gmail_quote">
                    <div class=""><br class="">
                    </div>
                    <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin: 0px
                      0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 1px;
                      border-left-style: solid; border-left-color:
                      rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;">
                      <div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;" class="">These
                        were both thin coax systems as thick net was a
                        Blue Book designed-by-committee monstrosity with
                        poor noise modeling.</div>
                    </blockquote>
                    <div class=""><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family: arial, helvetica,
                        sans-serif;">Amen....</span></div>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </blockquote><p style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:
                Helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
                font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal;
                letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent:
                0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration:
                none;" class="">Bob Metcalfe told me he was a big fan of
                the linear bus, even with the problems and
                vulnerabilities I pointed out (including ringing back
                from the taps, need to terminate ends, ability to take
                the whole bus down with a pin or paperclip, etc etc).  I
                told him that an "interconnected stars" topology was a
                lot better, but he persisted.... sigh...</p><p style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:
                Helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
                font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal;
                letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent:
                0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration:
                none;" class="">I think it's worth noting that basically
                nobody still runs thick-wire linear bus Ethernet, and
                Ethernet didn't really get very successful until they
                finally adopted the ARCnet-style "interconnected stars"
                cabling topology based on hubs.<br class="">
              </p>
              <blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:CAC20D2ONJvKMPmev3S_+mEV1KGabgo3xXspyTxyYujqUj3g4ig@mail.gmail.com" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px;
                font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
                -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color:
                rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none;" class="">
                <div dir="ltr" class="">
                  <div class="gmail_quote">
                    <div class=""><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family: arial, helvetica,
                        sans-serif;">A question for you: Was the ARCnet
                        you are describing from Datapoint, the same
                        technology as the 75 ohm coax ARCnet that was
                        popular with Novell networks in the mid to late
                        1980s?  <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
                      </span></div>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </blockquote>
              <span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:
                Helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
                font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal;
                letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent:
                0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration:
                none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Actually
                it was 93 ohm, RG-62U, BNC connectors, but yes, their
                "RX-NET" was actually the exact same thing as
                Datapoint's ARCnet.  They (Datapoint ARC System and
                Novell RX-NET systems) coexisted nicely on the same
                ARCnet cable system, too.  ;-)  The wires and cabling
                and connectors were the same as IBM had used for their
                2260 (and 3270 and following) terminals... so most big
                companies with such networks in place already were
                cabled for ARCnet.  ;-)   ARCnet is actually very
                tolerant, I'm told it will even run happily over
                coat-hanger wire.  ;-)</span><br style="caret-color:
                rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px;
                font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align:
                start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
                white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;
                -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color:
                rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none;" class="">
              <blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:CAC20D2ONJvKMPmev3S_+mEV1KGabgo3xXspyTxyYujqUj3g4ig@mail.gmail.com" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px;
                font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
                -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color:
                rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none;" class="">
                <div dir="ltr" class="">
                  <div class="gmail_quote">
                    <div class=""><span class="gmail_default" style="font-family: arial, helvetica,
                        sans-serif;">I remember it was originally less
                        costly than the 'Blue Book' ethernet per port
                        until NS and group came up with 'CheaperNet'
                        (running it across 50 ohm wire thin wire and
                        using BNC connectors).</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </blockquote>
              <span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:
                Helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
                font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal;
                letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent:
                0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration:
                none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">The
                bigger advantages of ARCnet over Ethernet have to do
                with low-level protocols, fault tolerance, error
                recovery, electrical robustness, and a lot more.</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:
                Helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
                font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal;
                letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent:
                0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration:
                none;" class="">
              <blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:CAC20D2ONJvKMPmev3S_+mEV1KGabgo3xXspyTxyYujqUj3g4ig@mail.gmail.com" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 16px;
                font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
                -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color:
                rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration: none;" class="">
                <div dir="ltr" class="">
                  <div class="gmail_quote">
                    <div class=""><br class="">
                    </div>
                    <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin: 0px
                      0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left-width: 1px;
                      border-left-style: solid; border-left-color:
                      rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-left: 1ex;">
                      <div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;" class="">
                        <div class=""><br class="">
                        </div>
                        <div class="">RB</div>
                        <div class=""><br class="">
                          <div class="">
                            <blockquote type="cite" class="">
                              <div class="">On Jun 14, 2019, at 6:43 AM,
                                Noel Chiappa <<a href="mailto:jnc@mercury.lcs.mit.edu" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">jnc@mercury.lcs.mit.edu</a>>
                                wrote:</div>
                              <br class="gmail-m_-3227224952991069579Apple-interchange-newline">
                              <div class="">
                                <div class="">
                                  <blockquote type="cite" class="">From:
                                    Jorge Amodio<br class="">
                                  </blockquote>
                                  <br class="">
                                  <blockquote type="cite" class="">Thank
                                    you so much for your detailed
                                    response<br class="">
                                  </blockquote>
                                  <br class="">
                                  Indeed, it was a fantastic and
                                  fascinating glimpse into a
                                  too-little-known<br class="">
                                  corner of computing history.<br class="">
                                  <br class="">
                                  For those who would like to know more,
                                  in addition to online sources, I can<br class="">
                                  recommend "Datapoint: The Lost Story
                                  of the Texans Who Invented the
                                  Personal<br class="">
                                  Computer Revolution", by Lamont Wood.
                                  (I'm not sure if those who were there,<br class="">
                                  like Mr. Peterson, would consider it
                                  accurate, but it seemed to be to be
                                  quite<br class="">
                                  good.)<br class="">
                                  <br class="">
                                  Typical nugget: the Intel 8008 was not
                                  a descendant of the Intel 4004<br class="">
                                  (although the production chips did use
                                  technology developed for the 4004), as<br class="">
                                  commonly thought at one point; rather,
                                  it was developed for Datapoint<br class="">
                                  (although they wound up building their
                                  own CPU out of discrete components).<br class="">
                                  The 8008 developed into the 8080, and
                                  then the 8086... and I expect many of
                                  us<br class="">
                                  are reading this on its descendants.<br class="">
                                  <br class="">
                                  <blockquote type="cite" class="">I'll
                                    follow up on a private message so I
                                    don't get the rest of the list<br class="">
                                    bored with details.<br class="">
                                  </blockquote>
                                  <br class="">
                                  Bored? Never! :-)<br class="">
                                  <br class="">
                                  <br class="">
                                  <blockquote type="cite" class="">
                                    <blockquote type="cite" class="">On
                                      Thu, Jun 13, 2019 at 6:18 PM
                                      Gordon Peterson <<a href="mailto:gep2@terabites.com" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">gep2@terabites.com</a>>
                                      wrote:<br class="">
                                    </blockquote>
                                  </blockquote>
                                  <br class="">
                                  <blockquote type="cite" class="">
                                    <blockquote type="cite" class="">(...and,
                                      at the time, Ethernet.... which
                                      wasn't a released product yet...<br class="">
                                      was running at just 2 megabits<br class="">
                                    </blockquote>
                                  </blockquote>
                                  <br class="">
                                  Minor nit - 3.<br class="">
                                  <br class="">
                                  <blockquote type="cite" class="">
                                    <blockquote type="cite" class="">"Oh,
                                      Gordon," my colleagues told me.
                                       "It's a good system, but you're<br class="">
                                      crazy... big businesses will never
                                      give up their mainframes and run
                                      their<br class="">
                                      processing on networks of little
                                      computers."<br class="">
                                      I grinned at them and replied,
                                      "You just WATCH!"   :-)<br class="">
                                    </blockquote>
                                  </blockquote>
                                  <br class="">
                                  I suspect many people on this list
                                  have had similar experiences! (In my
                                  case,<br class="">
                                  circa mid-80s, telling my now-wife
                                  that one day everyone would have<br class="">
                                  email... :-)<br class="">
                                  <br class="">
                                  It would be interesting to collect
                                  stories about when we got glimpses of
                                  the<br class="">
                                  future. I am particularly thinking of
                                  Craig's story about Swedish train<br class="">
                                  timetables; my equivalent was going
                                  home to Bermuda at one point and
                                  seeing<br class="">
                                  URL's painted on commercial vehicles.<br class="">
                                  <br class="">
                                       Noel<br class="">
                                  _______<br class="">
                                  internet-history mailing list<br class="">
                                  <a href="mailto:internet-history@postel.org" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">internet-history@postel.org</a><br class="">
                                  <a href="http://mailman.postel.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">http://mailman.postel.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history</a><br class="">
                                  Contact<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:list-owner@postel.org" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">list-owner@postel.org</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>for
                                  assistance.<br class="">
                                </div>
                              </div>
                            </blockquote>
                          </div>
                          <br class="">
                          <div class="">
                            <div style="letter-spacing: normal;
                              text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                              text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
                              word-spacing: 0px;" class="">
                              <div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;" class="">—<br class="">
                                <div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;" class="">Richard Bennett<br class="">
                                  <a href="http://hightechforum.org/" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">High
                                    Tech Forum</a> Founder</div>
                                <div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;" class="">Ethernet & Wi-Fi
                                  standards co-creator</div>
                                <div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;" class=""><br class="">
                                </div>
                                <div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;" class="">Internet Policy Consultant</div>
                              </div>
                            </div>
                          </div>
                          <br class="">
                        </div>
                      </div>
                      _______<br class="">
                      internet-history mailing list<br class="">
                      <a href="mailto:internet-history@postel.org" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">internet-history@postel.org</a><br class="">
                      <a href="http://mailman.postel.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">http://mailman.postel.org/mailman/listinfo/internet-history</a><br class="">
                      Contact<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:list-owner@postel.org" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true" class="">list-owner@postel.org</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>for
                      assistance.<br class="">
                    </blockquote>
                  </div>
                </div>
                <div hspace="streak-pt-mark" style="max-height: 1px;" class=""><img alt="" src="https://mailfoogae.appspot.com/t?sender=aY2xlbWNAY2NjLmNvbQ%3D%3D&type=zerocontent&guid=0aea7ff9-bc20-413d-9554-ef47a9795c92" moz-do-not-send="true" style="width: 0px;
                    max-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;" class=""><font class="" size="1" color="#ffffff">ᐧ</font></div>
              </blockquote>
              <div id="DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2" style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:
                Helvetica; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal;
                font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal;
                letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent:
                0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration:
                none;" class=""><br class="">
                <table style="border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style:
                  solid; border-top-color: rgb(211, 212, 222);" class="">
                  <tbody class="">
                    <tr class="">
                      <td style="width: 55px; padding-top: 13px;" class=""><a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient&utm_term=icon" target="_blank" class="" moz-do-not-send="true"><img src="https://ipmcdn.avast.com/images/icons/icon-envelope-tick-round-orange-animated-no-repeat-v1.gif" alt="" style="width: 46px; height: 29px;" class="" moz-do-not-send="true" width="46" height="29"></a></td>
                      <td style="width: 470px; padding-top: 12px; color:
                        rgb(65, 66, 78); font-size: 13px; font-family:
                        Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height:
                        18px;" class="">Virus-free.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient&utm_term=link" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(68, 83,
                          234);" class="" moz-do-not-send="true">www.avast.com</a></td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
              </div>
            </div>
          </blockquote>
        </div>
        <br class="">
        <div class="">
          <div style="letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">
            <div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space;
              -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">—<br class="">
              <div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode:
                space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Richard
                Bennett<br class="">
                <a href="http://hightechforum.org/" class="" moz-do-not-send="true">High Tech Forum</a> Founder</div>
              <div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode:
                space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Ethernet
                & Wi-Fi standards co-creator</div>
              <div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode:
                space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><br class="">
              </div>
              <div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode:
                space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Internet
                Policy Consultant</div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
        <br class="">
      </div>
    </blockquote>
  </div>

</div></blockquote></div><br class=""><div class="">
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">—<br class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Richard Bennett<br class=""><a href="http://hightechforum.org" class="">High Tech Forum</a> Founder</div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Ethernet & Wi-Fi standards co-creator</div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Internet Policy Consultant</div></div></div>
</div>
<br class=""></div></body></html>