<div dir="ltr">I think Noel is largely correct although it was the NSF decision to use TCP/IP for both CSNET and then NSFNET that drew significant academic uptake. The ARPA-sponsored academic sites were mostly CS research into AI and related areas - numbering around a dozen in the early days, but growing to about 40-50 as the TCP research continued.<div><br></div><div>v</div><div><br></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Sep 1, 2016 at 9:08 AM, Noel Chiappa <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:jnc@mercury.lcs.mit.edu" target="_blank">jnc@mercury.lcs.mit.edu</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> > From: Jack Haverty<br>
<span class=""><br>
> TCP/IP technology is fine, but there were numerous other ways to define<br>
> the technical mechanisms that could have evolved into The Internet. The<br>
> people driving all those technologies had to make a similar decision.<br>
> They all made the wrong choice, and their technologies have all but<br>
> disappeared.<br>
<br>
</span>My perception is that the single biggest reason that TCP/IP became the<br>
protocols used on 'the Internet' (and I hate that some people don't get why<br>
there's a capital on it - I look forward to the new US President being<br>
installed in the white house) is not so much its internal technical goodness,<br>
or even the openness, but other factors - the biggest of which, I think, was<br>
the size of the inter-connected user base.<br>
<br>
The point of a communication network is to communicate with people, and so<br>
naturally people, when deciding which network to hook up to, will tend to<br>
pick the one with the most, since it gives them the most benefit. (I think<br>
Metcalfe has a Law about that?) And that tends to drive the smaller networks<br>
out of existence, and the whole ecosystem toward one single Network To Rule<br>
Them All. (The same force acted on the telephone network back when, I expect.)<br>
<br>
The TCP/IP Internet, starting as it did with large chunks of the US academia,<br>
and tech businesses (plus government and military, although they were<br>
secondary), just had a lead nothing else could ever catch. And as time went<br>
on, it got worse (feedback)...<br>
<br>
(I expect the X.25 networks probably started with a large user base, but that<br>
may be one place where technical capability _did_ play a role: TCP/IP worked<br>
well over LANs, which were going crazy at that point.)<br>
<br>
An ancillary factor was the wide variety of systems for which TCP/IP<br>
implementations were available - and the two fed back between each other.<br>
<span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"><br>
Noel<br>
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