<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="">At the very top of the article:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><h2 style="font-size: 1.71em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.17em; font-family: RobotoBoldCondensedItalic, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(217, 217, 217); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class=""><span class="outer" style="font-size: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px 0px 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="inner" style="font-size: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; position: relative; left: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="inner-inner" style="font-size: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; position: relative; right: 10px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">UP TO 70 PERCENT OF GLOBAL INTERNET TRAFFIC GOES THROUGH NORTHERN VIRGINIA</span></span></span></h2><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">She lost all credibility before I got past the first sentence.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><font face="Inconsolata" class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">-- </span></font><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><font face="Inconsolata" class="">TTFN,</font></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><font face="Inconsolata" class="">patrick</font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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<br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Jan 11, 2016, at 9:10 AM, Joly MacFie <<a href="mailto:joly@punkcast.com" class="">joly@punkcast.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small">Ingrid Burrington is on a personal mission to explore the physical presence of the Internet, including its history.. I video'd her presentation at the Radical/Networks conference a few months back. <a href="https://livestream.com/internetsociety/radicalnetworks/videos/102810644" class="">https://livestream.com/internetsociety/radicalnetworks/videos/102810644</a></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small">Her latest piece is for NextGov, mainly about Amazon Data Centers. Excerpt.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><a href="http://www.nextgov.com/big-data/2016/01/70-percent-global-internet-traffic-goes-through-northern-virginia/124976/" class="">http://www.nextgov.com/big-data/2016/01/70-percent-global-internet-traffic-goes-through-northern-virginia/124976/</a><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"><div style="font-size: 15.05px; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 21.8225px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(217, 217, 217);" class="">The fact that northern Virginia is home to major intelligence operations and to major nodes of network infrastructure isn’t exactly a sign of government conspiracy so much as a confluence of histories (best documented by Paul Ceruzzi in his criminally under-read history <em style="font-size:inherit;margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;outline:0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;background:transparent" class="">Internet Alley: High Technology In Tysons Corner, 1945-2005</em>). To explain why a region surrounded mostly by farmland and a scattering of American Civil War monuments is a central point of Internet infrastructure, we have to go back to where a lot of significant moments in Internet history take place: the Cold War.</div><div style="font-size: 15.05px; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 21.8225px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(217, 217, 217);" class="">Postwar suburbanization and the expansion of transportation networks are occasionally overlooked, but weirdly crucial facets of the military-industrial complex. While suburbs were largely marketed to the public via barely concealed racism and the appeal of manicured “natural” landscapes, suburban sprawl’s dispersal of populations also meant increased likelihood of survival in the case of nuclear attack. Highways both facilitated suburbs and supported the movement of ground troops across the continental United States, should they need to defend it (lest we forget that the legislation that funded much of the U.S. highway system was called the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956).</div><div style="font-size: 15.05px; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 21.8225px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(217, 217, 217);" class="">Both of these factors were at play in the unincorporated area of northern Virginia known as Tysons Corner, an area just far away enough from Washington to be relatively safe from nuclear attack but close enough to remain accessible. One of the region’s earliest military outposts was actually a piece of communications infrastructure: a microwave tower built in 1952 that was the first among several relays connecting Washington to the “Federal Relocation Arc” of secret underground bunkers created in case of nuclear attack.</div><div style="font-size: 15.05px; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 21.8225px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(217, 217, 217);" class="">The particular alignments of highways that eventually connected Dulles International Airport in Virginia to the Capitol Beltway basically made this pocket of northern Virginia the first and last place for any commercial activities between the airport and D.C. This led to an outcropping of office parks that housed not only defense contractors, but also government IT and time-sharing services and, later, companies like MCI, AOL, and UUNet.</div><div style="font-size: 15.05px; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 21.8225px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(217, 217, 217);" class="">Thanks to that concentration of network companies and a whole lot of support from the National Science Foundation, Tysons Corner became home to MAE-East, one of the earliest Internet exchanges and home to the foundation of what would become that Internet backbone. Networks build atop networks, and the presence of this backbone in Tysons Corner led to more backbone, more tech companies, and more data centers. Today, up to 70 percent of Internet traffic <em style="font-size:inherit;margin:0px;padding:0px;border:0px;outline:0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-variant:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-stretch:inherit;line-height:inherit;font-family:inherit;background:transparent" class="">worldwide</em> travels through this region, as the Loudon county economic-development board cheerfully notes in its marketing materials.</div></div><br class=""></div>-- <br class=""><div class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class="">---------------------------------------------------------------<br class=""><span class="">Joly MacFie <span title="Call with Google Voice" class=""><span id="gc-number-28" class="" title="Call with Google Voice">218 565 9365</span></span> <a href="Skype:punkcast" class="">Skype:punkcast</a></span><br class="">--------------------------------------------------------------<br class="">-</div></div></div>
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