<div dir="ltr">Dave, et al,<div><br></div><div>the ARPANET project was intended to solve the problem of sharing of access to computing resources and especially research results among the institutions funded by ARPA to do research in computer science and artificial intelligence. The method chosen was a radical departure from conventional circuit switching and you are correct that the first node installed at UCLA was motivated in part by interest in the mathematical queueing models that Leonard Kleinrock had used in his dissertation research at MIT. I was the principal programmer for the Network Measurement Center. It was clear that ARPA wanted to have the utility of the network to solve its resource sharing problem but to also take advantage of studying its behavior. The first time I met Bob Kahn and Dave Walden was on the occasion of their visit to UCLA in late 1969 or early 1970 to conduct a series of experiments to generate traffic and observe the way in which the IMPs and their protocols and algorithms responded. Bob Kahn had concerns that under certain conditions the network would lock up and this visit was a first opportunity to use the then 4-node network to stress its capacity. </div>
<div><br></div><div>In the course of a couple of weeks, Bob designed and I programmed a series of traffic generation and network measurement experiments that indeed locked the network up multiple times and in multiple ways. Reassembly lockup and store-and-forward lockup stand out in my mind in particular. </div>
<div><br></div><div>Thanks to pressure from Larry Roberts and the leadership of Steve Crocker, the Network Working group developed a collection of applications and associated protocols such as TELNET, FTP, and networked electronic mail, as well as demonstrations of multi-computer computation and cooperation (e.g. distributed air traffic control) that were shown at the ICCC 1972 event in Washington, DC, that was organized by Bob Kahn at Larry's request. </div>
<div><br></div><div>Very early in the ARPANET development, Larry became aware of the packet switching work at the UK National Physical Laboratory and from an interaction in 1967 with Roger Scantlebury, representing Donald Davies' team at NPL at an ACM Conference. Larry was persuaded to use the highest speeds available (then 50 kb/s) for the backbone circuits of the network. The higher the circuit speed, the lower the latency in the network and the variability of queuing delays. Bob Kahn and I learned about the CYCLADES/CIGALE network at IRIA in 1973 and visited there where we met Louis Pouzin, Hubert Zimmermann, Gerard LeLann among others, By 1974, Gerard spent a year at Stanford contributing to the development of TCP/IP. Also in 1973, the Ethernet was invented by Bob Metcalfe and David Boggs and their work on the PARC Universal Packet and related protocols also influenced the design of TCP/IP. </div>
<div><br></div><div>By July 1975, ARPA concluded that the ARPANET had reached sufficient stability and it could be handed off to the then Defense Communications Agency (DCA, now Defense Information Systems Agency) for operation. During the period 1973-1982, ARPA focused on the design and implementation of the Internet and at the point where this was activated in January, 1983, the participating military sites were separated from the academic research sites and the network split into MILNET and the renewed research ARPANET, both nets becoming part of the Internet. Other agencies implemented their own pieces of the Internet. The Department of Energy developed the ESNET and NASA developed the NSINET while NSF developed the NSFNET. NSF also facilitated the interconnection of other IP-based research networks in the US and elsewhere and even the commercial X.25 networks to the growing Internet. By 1995, NSF concluded that the availability of Internet service from the commercial sector was sufficient that it could shut down the NSFNET. ARPA shut down the ARPANET in 1990, in part because the growing NSFNET had substantially more nodes and capacity than the 50 Kb/s ARPANET backbone so the research sites of the ARPANET transferred to the so-called regional NSF network or commercially provided IP networks of the time.</div>
<div><br></div><div>I know you know all this, Dave, so this is just to try to illustrate that the ARPANET and the many other networks that followed had dual roles as objects of research and utility. I think the Packet Radio and Packet Satellite networks that shaped the Internet's design had similar roles and, in particular, the Packet Satellite network became the sole source of access to the Internet for the European groups that had been part of the extended ARPANET. Peter Kirstein's University College London group, in addition to their pioneering implementation of TCP/IP, also had to make their Packet Satellite connection work operationally to support a good deal of traffic between European and US research communities. They switched to operational use of TCP/IP during 1982, a year before the rest of the ARPANET community. </div>
<div><br></div><div>Vint</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Sun, Aug 31, 2014 at 7:19 PM, Dave Crocker <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:dhc2@dcrocker.net" target="_blank">dhc2@dcrocker.net</a>></span> wrote:<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div class=""><br>
> The ARPANET was never intended as a network for doing research on<br>
> networks. It was intended as a production network to facilitate other<br>
> research. BBN was very limited in how much experimentation was possible<br>
> and in what it could try.<br>
<br>
<br>
</div>So they put the first IMP into UCLA, where the Network Measurement<br>
Center was -- Kleinrock, and all that -- on a whim?<br>
<br>
My understanding is that the primary goal was experimentation, but in<br>
the form of monitoring use and trying different algorithms, rather than<br>
by conducting artificial traffic exercises. One might think of this as<br>
networking as a very different kind of social experiment than we think<br>
of today...<br>
<br>
My other understanding is that the extent of the direct benefit to users<br>
wasn't quite anticipated, which made it increasingly difficult to make<br>
changes to the net that could bring it down. So it was a few years<br>
before they had to start explicitly scheduling time slots for experiments.<br>
<div class="HOEnZb"><div class="h5"><br>
d/<br>
<br>
--<br>
Dave Crocker<br>
Brandenburg InternetWorking<br>
<a href="http://bbiw.net" target="_blank">bbiw.net</a><br>
</div></div></blockquote></div><br></div>