<div dir="ltr">In the spirit of capturing historical facts...<div><br></div><div>In the early 80s, The Internet incorporated a satellite network, SATNET, which provided connectivity between the US and Europe, with the considerable expense absorbed by DARPA and associated sponsors. Such sponsors of course wanted that limited expensive resource to be used by their projects. There were other users who also wanted to communicate between continents, but they weren't allowed (didn't pay for) use of SATNET.</div>
<div><br></div><div>I can't remember exactly when, but at some point while I was running Internet projects at BBN, DARPA asked us to deploy a "VAN Gateway", which was simply a gateway that used an X.25 network as a carrier, with an X.25 connection between 2 such gateways carrying IP traffic. We did this, and then there was connectivity between the US and Europe, using the X.25/X.75 public network as an underlying network instead of SATNET. One gateway was in the US, and one was in the UK.</div>
<div><br></div><div>I don't recall much of the detail, but I believe we relied on the two European parts of the Internet remaining disjoint - no interconnections in EU between the SATNET users' computers and the others' - so that traffic would go over the appropriate transatlantic path based simply by which gateway (Satnet or VAN) a particular EU computer could access. If they're monitoring, Bob Hinden or Mike Brescia might remember more.</div>
<div><br></div><div>End-users didn't see any packet charges or other forms of accounting feedback, but the US and UK government sponsors sure did, in the form of bills from the X.25 providers. Every connection, and every packet, cost money, some in dollars, some in pounds. We had to do some reworking of internal mechanisms like gateway routing machinery, to avoid sending packets constantly just because we could.</div>
<div><br></div><div>So, there was pressure to minimize operating costs by additional clever techniques in the gateways. The gateways could make decisions, for example, about how long to keep a connection open, in case another packet was heading its way to be sent out over the X.25 service. As was typical of the "phone system", each call made cost money, each packet sent cost money, and each second the connection was open cost money. Whoever initiated a call got the bill for that call and for all traffic in both directions. Just like the phone system, pre-cellular at least.</div>
<div><br></div><div>So, ......</div><div><br></div><div>There was an interesting algorithm we put in the US-side VAN gateway which wasn't discussed much and might have therefore escaped being captured by History. Until now. Here it is, for posterity:</div>
<div><br></div><div>"When a packet arrives to be sent to the X.25 network, if the X.25 connection is open, queue the packet for sending. If the X.25 connection is *not* open, open the connection, send that single packet, and immediately close the connection."</div>
<div><br></div><div>So, the SYN packet of a TCP connection heading to EU from a US computer would get sent and the US would pay for a short, one-packet, X.25 session. The ACK returning from the EU computer would then open a connection from the EU side, and, lacking a similar algorithm, subsequent packets for that TCP session, and any others that might subsequently occur (FTP transfers for example) would get billed to the UK.</div>
<div><br></div><div>So, most usage of that X.25 path got billed to the UK sponsors. I don't know if the UK ever noticed that this was happening. Peter Kirstein might remember. For the curious, the history of the VAN gateway is discussed in a series of BBN Quarterly Technical Reports of that era, many of which are available online.</div>
<div><br></div><div>Someone told me once - "Management is the art of putting your expenses into someone else's budget".... which we did, as part of our role in managing the "core gateways".</div><div>
<br></div><div>Anyone thinking about Net Neutrality might want to look at what happened back then. It's far from a new idea for Internet carriers to treat certain packets differently.</div><div><br></div><div>I hope I haven't started an international incident.....</div>
<div><br></div><div>/Jack Haverty</div><div><br></div><div> </div></div>