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<p class="MsoNormal">In a recent message to this list (Vol 73 Issue
15), Jack Haverty
described his experience with implementing TCP/IP for a PDP-11/40
at BBN, one
of the six “reference” implementations commissioned by Vint at
ARPA . Jack
suggested that we geezers who were responsible for the reference
implementations should do memory dumps while we still can ;-( <span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Herewith is my contribution.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">My <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>TCP/IP
implementation
was for an IBM 360 Model 91 in the UCLA computer center,
communicating with the
UCLA IMP as host 1/1. It ran under OS/MVT and later OS/MVS with
virtual memory.
The 360/91 might be called a maxi-computer, the top of IBM’s 360
line.
Furthermore, UCLA had stretched to buy 4 MB of main memory, the
only other
machine of that power having disappeared into some bunker in the
Washington DC
area. I believe that Vint chose the UCLA IBM system for a
reference
implementation because he wanted a real-world implementation
(“real world”
meant IBM 360 and OS/MVT in 1978) to convince skeptics in the DoD
that TCP/IP
was real. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Our TCP/IP implementation had several
attributes that
distinguished it from the other five reference implementations.
First, it was written
in IBM assembly language, not in C.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>At
every TCP bakeoff, I had to put up with kidding from the other
participants <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>over the size
of my program listing. I would
come with a stack of IBM printer paper maybe 2” thick, while their
C code
fitted on 10 pages. (Which was not actually fair; my protocol
implementations
of TCP and IP took only 100 pages of heavily commented assembly
language. The
rest was a real time OS environment and interfaces to IBM software
components.)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Another
difference was that the TCP/IP code
replaced NCP on a production facility serving serious
computational customers,
especially the climate dynamics group at Rand. It had to work; the
US
government (under Nixon, if I recall) had slashed the government
subsidy of
university computing centers, and the ARPA-funded climate group
supplied the
dollars to keep the UCLA computing center alive.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When I launched into implementing TCP/IP, the
UCLA 360/91
had been an ARPAnet host since 1971. We had an IMP interface (IBM
*hated*
having a 3<sup>rd</sup> part device on their channel!), a driver,
and an implementation
of the host-host protocol NCP. It supported User and Server
Telnet, User and
Server FTP, and a remote batch job entry program called NETRJS
(RFC88, RFC740).
Our FTP Server was undoubtedly the most complete implementation of
the RFC 959
protocol ever, as we tried to support many of the features of
IBM’s very baroque
file system. Initially, our Telnet server did not do anything very
interesting
because IBM’s OS/MVT did not support time sharing. When IBM
released OS/MVS
with virtual memory and a primitive but useful time sharing system
called TSO,
we upgraded the ARPAnet code to run on the new hardware and OS and
to couple
the Server Telnet to TSO.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The package of code to support the ARPAnet with
NCP, and
later TCP/IP, was<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>called
the<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ACP (ARPAnet Control
Program. The ACP <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ran as a
privileged job in an 80 KB memory
partition.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>We began
development of the
ACP by constructing a general IPC mechanism that we called the
Exchange, in the
OS/MVT kernel. We were pretty naïve then, so we designed the IPC
facility by
analogy to a telephone crossbar switch. This is illustrated in the
paper ”A
Server Host System on the ARPANET” , Fifth Data Comm Symp, 1977.
Then we built
a real time OS that ran as a system-level process (“task” in
IBMese) within the
ACP. This real time OS created pseudo tasks with non-preemptive
scheduling
(co-routines to Knuthians) and had all the usual OS primitives.
Context
switching among pseudo tasks was relatively light weight, so we
used separate
pseudo tasks for the IMP driver, the NCP, and the applications
mentioned above.
With this general environment, it was straightforward to insert
TCP and IP
modules in place of the NCP module. For several years, in fact,
the 360/91
supported both NCP in production and my experimental TCP/IP. So
Jan 1, 1983 was
a non-event on the UCLA 360.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The NCP and applications <span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>were written by members of the
very talented
system programming staff * in the UCLA computer center (ah, the
good old
mainframe days!). I was wise enough to keep my fingers out of the
code.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>But implementing the
TCP/IP protocols looked
like a really fun task, so I took it on myself.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Like the others, I began with version 2.5 of
the TCP spec,
the last version before the famous split. I recall taking a
programming scalpel
to the version 2.5 code to create distinct IP and TCP layers;
thanks to a lucky
modularity, it was quite straightforward. I note with some chagrin
that,
according to RFC 1025, my code had the lowest score in the
bakeoffs.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>I don’t recall
why we lost points. I believe
that the UCLA TCP/IP code was written with care for efficiency,
although we did
not think of VJ’s header prediction idea. It implemented the Push
bit and the
Urgent pointer correctly according to the intent of the TCP spec.
The Push bit
was important for record-oriented systems like IBM’s. Come to
think of it, it
might be easier to implement the record-oriented SCTP than TCP on
an IBM mainframe.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Someone mentioned the early problems with
getting the check
sums right. Another issue that took some time to resolve was
sequence number
comparisons. It turned out to be surprisingly subtle. Strangely,
the simplest
most obvious algorithm turned out to be the right one.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Why did I use assembly language? Because there
was no
reasonable alternative. IBM refused to release their PL/C system
programming
language, and PL/I was hopelessly heavy weight and baroque. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In 1983, I found an open-source C compiler for
a 360 from
AT&T, and I adapted it to compile code to run in the ACP
envornment. Using the
AT&T C compiler, I implemented SMTP User and Server code as
well as RFC 822
in C. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Had I stayed at UCLA
I would
probably converted other parts of the ACP into C, but in 1986 I
moved from UCLA
to ISI.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Those were truly fun times. Jack and Vint, is
there an
authoritative list of the six reference implementations?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Bob Braden</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">*Especially Steve Wolfe, Stu Feigin, Lou Rivas,
Neil Ludlam,
and Denis DeLaRoca for the ARPAnet/Internet code.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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