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Dear Norbert,
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I am replying with copy to the address I have for Paul Brigner.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Paul,</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Norbert Klein is one of the longest-serving, most highly esteemed members of our community. Of German origin, he has been living in Cambodia for decades and performed great services to the community there and to the Internet, not the least in getting vital
software localized in the Khmer alphabet and script. He has kept alive a flame for the Internet even in oppressive conditions which at times entail danger for freedom and personal saftey and even life. He has kept a high ethic in conditions in which many would
have quit.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Agree or not with what he says here, with his angle of analysis or his conclusions, one may, but deny discussion, not. I hope we can push some ideas here and all learn and create something.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Yours,</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Alejandro Pisanty</div>
<div>
<div><br>
<div style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:13px">
<div style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:13px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="widows:2; text-transform:none; text-indent:0px; letter-spacing:normal; border-collapse:separate; font:medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space:normal; orphans:2; color:rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing:0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial; font-size:small"><font size="2" face="Courier New">!
!! !!! !!!!</font></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:13px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="widows:2; text-transform:none; text-indent:0px; letter-spacing:normal; border-collapse:separate; font:medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space:normal; orphans:2; color:rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing:0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial; font-size:small"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="widows:2; text-transform:none; text-indent:0px; letter-spacing:normal; border-collapse:separate; font:medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space:normal; orphans:2; color:rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing:0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial; font-size:small"><font size="2" face="Courier New">NEW
PHONE NUMBER - NUEVO NÚMERO DE TELÉFONO</font></span></span></div>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="widows:2; text-transform:none; text-indent:0px; letter-spacing:normal; border-collapse:separate; font:medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space:normal; orphans:2; color:rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing:0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial; font-size:small"><font size="2" face="Courier New"></font></span></span> </p>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="widows:2; text-transform:none; text-indent:0px; letter-spacing:normal; border-collapse:separate; font:medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space:normal; orphans:2; color:rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing:0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial; font-size:small"><font size="2" face="Courier New">+52-1-41444475
FROM ABROAD</font></span></span></p>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="widows:2; text-transform:none; text-indent:0px; letter-spacing:normal; border-collapse:separate; font:medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space:normal; orphans:2; color:rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing:0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial; font-size:small"><font size="2" face="Courier New">+525541444475
DESDE MÉXICO</font></span></span></p>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="widows:2; text-transform:none; text-indent:0px; letter-spacing:normal; border-collapse:separate; font:medium 'Times New Roman'; white-space:normal; orphans:2; color:rgb(0,0,0); word-spacing:0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial; font-size:small"><font size="2" face="Courier New"><br>
Dr. Alejandro Pisanty<br>
UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, 04510 Mexico DF Mexico<br>
<br>
Tels. +52-(1)-55-5105-6044, +52-(1)-55-5418-3732<br>
<br>
Blog: http://pisanty.blogspot.com<br>
LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/in/pisanty<br>
Unete al grupo UNAM en LinkedIn, http://www.linkedin.com/e/gis/22285/4A106C0C8614<br>
Twitter: http://twitter.com/apisanty<br>
---->> Unete a ISOC Mexico, http://www.isoc.org<br>
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . </font></span></span></p>
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<div id="divRpF919402" style="direction: ltr; "><font face="Tahoma" size="2" color="#000000"><b>Desde:</b> chapter-delegates-bounces@elists.isoc.org [chapter-delegates-bounces@elists.isoc.org] en nombre de President ISOC Cambodia [president@isoc-kh.org]<br>
<b>Enviado el:</b> viernes, 18 de mayo de 2012 22:53<br>
<b>Hasta:</b> 'Chapter Delegates'<br>
<b>Asunto:</b> [Chapter-delegates] Fwd: Copyright violations are a real problem - At least I think we can all agree?<br>
</font><br>
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<div></div>
<div>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Dear Colleagues reading the [Chapter-delegates] List,
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">on 29 April 2012, I addresses an email to Mr. Brigner on this [Chapter-delegates] list (repeated down here), explaining that I could not find his address on the ISOC website, hoping that he might see this mail anyway here.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Thanks for the different direct responses I received – but as I did not get any response from Mr. Brigner, I try again here. I just checked again the ISOC website: Who We Are – Staff and Advisors</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.internetsociety.org/who-we-are/staff-and-advisors" target="_blank">http://www.internetsociety.org/who-we-are/staff-and-advisors</a></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">but I find only the addresses of the Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America Regional Bureau Directors there.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Could someone reading this list please help so that my mail is forwarded to Mr. Brigner. <font size="3"></font>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Thanks,</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Norbert Klein<br>
ISOC Cambodia Chapter </p>
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-------- Original Message --------
<table class="moz-email-headers-table" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th align="RIGHT" nowrap="nowrap" valign="BASELINE">Subject: </th>
<td>Fwd: Copyright violations are a real problem - At least I think we can all agree?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="RIGHT" nowrap="nowrap" valign="BASELINE">Date: </th>
<td>Sun, 29 Apr 2012 18:04:41 +0700</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="RIGHT" nowrap="nowrap" valign="BASELINE">From: </th>
<td>Norbert Klein <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:nhklein@gmx.net" target="_blank">
<nhklein@gmx.net></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="RIGHT" nowrap="nowrap" valign="BASELINE">To: </th>
<td>'Chapter Delegates' <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:chapter-delegates@elists.isoc.org" target="_blank">
<chapter-delegates@elists.isoc.org></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="RIGHT" nowrap="nowrap" valign="BASELINE">CC: </th>
<td>Lynn St.Amour <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:st.amour@isoc.org" target="_blank">
<st.amour@isoc.org></a>, Raúl Echeberría <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:raul@lacnic.net" target="_blank">
<raul@lacnic.net></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<br>
Dear Mr. Paul Brigner,
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">as you know, on this ISOC Chapters list we have regular and active exchanges of information and opinion from Chapters from all around the world. These widely different backgrounds and experiences contribute to the rich volume of
awareness in ISOC.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">I found a CNET report “<b>Comment on: <a href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_3-57404804-281.html" target="_blank">
Anti-SOPA Internet Society under fire for hiring MPAA executive</a></b>” - let me say that what I write is not about the ISOC hiring and your past role at MPAA – but there is a reference to copyrights which calls for further discussion.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><a href="http://news.cnet.com/8618-31921_3-57404804.html?assetTypeId=12&messageId=12154966&tag=mncol&txt" target="_blank">(http://news.cnet.com/8618-31921_3-57404804.html?assetTypeId=12&messageId=12154966&tag=mncol&txt)</a></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">You are quoted there saying: </p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“To be certain, copyright violations are a real problem, and on that I think we can all agree. (At least I think we can all agree?) But I've become convinced that the only way forward is through voluntary agreements between content
and technology communities to deal with those violations.”<br>
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Can we all agree? I think so – but I am not sure if we all mean the same when we agree.
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">Is it the “violations” that are the problem – or is the real problem related to the way in which copyrights are defined and handled?
</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">As long as we, in the Internet Society, proudly work under the slogan<b> “The Internet is for everyone”</b> we seriously should take up the “real problems” at the basis of the present copyrights regime and the grave injustices which
it creates, calling a very large numbers of everyone using the Internet to be pirates. Pirates are violent killers.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font color="#000000"><font face="AmericanTypewriter, sans-serif"><font size="3">Jordi Carrasco-Muñoz, working in 2002 for the European Commission, compiled some economic data showing that – under the present copyright rules for
commercial software - the Internet is obviously not for everyone (if they would use proprietary software), pleading for “</font></font></font><font color="#000000"><font face="AmericanTypewriter, sans-serif"><font size="3"><b>FREE/LIBRE OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE
AS OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT AID </b></font></font></font>(<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://cosgov.ow2.org/xwiki/bin/download/Main/Sessions/munoz.pdf" target="_blank">http://cosgov.ow2.org/xwiki/bin/download/Main/Sessions/munoz.pdf</a>)</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">These are some of his figures (from Vietnam and from 2002 – surely prices and salaries have somewhat changed since – though his discourse is much wider than economics). He does not end up “convinced that the only way forward is
through voluntary agreements between content and technology communities to deal with those violations,” - but makes a proposal: “Mass
<font size="3">Distribution0f one</font><font color="#000000"><font face="AmericanTypewriter, sans-serif"><font size="3"> OfficialDevelopmentAid-FreeLibreOpenSourceSoftware CD-ROM.”</font></font></font><font size="3"> This is not our business here, of course;
but the economics he researched are:</font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><b><font color="#000000"><font face="AmericanTypewriter, sans-serif"><font size="3">a) COST (I) - BASIC DATA</font></font></font></b></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><b><font color="#000000"><font face="AmericanTypewriter, sans-serif"><font size="3">Cost Windows XP + MS Office</font></font><br>
– <font face="AmericanTypewriter, sans-serif"><font size="3">Standard Version $560</font></font><br>
– <font face="AmericanTypewriter, sans-serif"><font size="3">Professional Version $800</font></font></font></b></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times-Roman, sans-serif"><font size="3">As an example, we can use the two most common packages found on a computer: The MS Windows operating system and the MS Office package. They cost
$560 in the standard version and $800 in the professional version.</font></font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><b><font color="#000000"><font face="AmericanTypewriter, sans-serif"><font size="3">a) COST (II) - VIETNAM</font></font></font></b></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><b><font color="#000000"><font face="AmericanTypewriter, sans-serif"><font size="3">(GDP per capita $440/year)<br>
XP+Office = 1 Year 3 months<br>
XP+Office (Pro) = 1 Year 10 months</font></font></font></b></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times-Roman, sans-serif"><font size="3">To a Vietnamese, that represents dedicating -respectively- 1 year and 3 months of wages or 1 year and 10 months of basically not eating; depending
on the version.</font></font></font></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><b><font color="#000000"><font face="AmericanTypewriter, sans-serif"><font size="3">a) COST (III)</font></font></font></b></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><b><font color="#000000"><font face="AmericanTypewriter, sans-serif"><font size="3">Cost-Equivalent for the US<br>
(GDP per capita $30,200/Year)<br>
XP+Office = $38,436<br>
XP+Office (Pro) = $54,909</font></font></font></b></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times-Roman, sans-serif"><font size="3">For an American, that would be like paying more than $38.000 for the standard version, and almost $55.000 for the professional version.<br>
</font></font></font></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times-Roman, sans-serif"><font size="3"><br>
</font></font></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font size="3"><b>The Internet is for everyone?</b> Surely not. – And there is not much room left, to be found “through voluntary agreements between content and technology communities to deal with those violations.”</font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font size="3">To update figures: a high-school teacher in Cambodia today, having a bit more than US$50 (fifty) per month, does not have much room for “voluntary agreements”- even if some companies start to offer concessionary rebated
prices. If you compare them with the salary, they are far from being a solution.</font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font size="3">And the public total-loss calculations by the music, motion picture, and software industry, lamenting how much they lose, giving figures by multiplying the estimated number of shared but not licensed copies with the
end-user price, are total fiction. Not many people would be able to but any of their products at the stated prices.
</font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font size="3">Apart from hard economic facts, there is also another astonishing field which is hardly ever touched upon, when economic power-holders in the USA, from the position of a high moral ground, condemn all those who commit
“theft and piracy” related to intellectual property.</font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="DejaVuSans-Bold,
sans-serif"><font size="4"><big><font face="Times New Roman,
serif"><font size="3"><big><span style="font-weight:normal">Roberto Verzola, in his 212 pages book</span></big></font></font></big><b><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3">
</font></font>Towards a Political Economy of Information</b></font></font><a href="http://rverzola.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/infoeconomy-verzola.pdf" target="_blank">(http://rverzola.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/infoeconomy-verzola.pdf)</a><font size="3">
covers part of the history how the United States of America fought against the imposition of copyright protection for foreign intellectual property for decades – until it became more profitable for the USA to turn around and fight others. I recopy here almost
his whole 3rd chapter:</font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font size="3"><i>= = =<br>
</i></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="DejaVuSans-Bold,
sans-serif"><font size="2"><font size="4"><b>3. U.S. Piracy in the 19</b></font><font size="2" style="font-size:11pt"><b>th C</b></font><font size="4"><b>entury</b></font></font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">Nineteenth century America was a major center of piracy. The principal target of U.S. pirates was the rich variety of British books and periodicals. The U.S. was a perennial
headache among British authors and publishers, because foreign authors had no rights in America. American publishers and printers, led by Harpers of New York and Careys of Philadelphia, routinely violated British copyright and “reprinted a very wide range
of British publications.”</font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">James Barnes, who wrote an excellent book on this subject, said that the Americans were “suspicious about international copyright,” and were afraid that recognizing
international copyright meant “exploitation and domination of their book trade.” Barnes noted that “as a young nation, the United States wanted the freedom to borrow literature as well as technology from any quarter of the globe, and it was not until 1891
that Congress finally recognized America’s literary independence by authorizing reciprocal copyright agreements with foreign powers.”</font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="DejaVuSans-Bold, sans-serif"><font size="2"><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">Throughout the 19</font></font><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="2" style="font-size:9pt">th
</font></font><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">century, a group of American authors and Anglophiles led a persistent but futile campaign to get a copyright treaty between the U.S. and Britain ratified. But their efforts were overcome by a much
stronger lobby for free access to British publications. Authors like Noah Webster of the U.S. and Charles Dickens of Britain campaigned vigorously, but time and again, the U.S. Senate rejected proposed laws or treaties that would have granted copyright to
foreign authors in the U.S. Indeed, strong laws existed for the protection of local authors, but foreign authors had no rights in the U.S., and all foreign works were fair game for American publishers and printers.</font></font></font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">As Barnes put it, “If Americans thought of the topic [i.e., copyrights] at all they were concerned with protecting domestic copyright and not the rights of foreigners.
As a country, nineteenth century America was akin to a present day underdeveloped nation which recognizes its dependence on those more commercially and technologically advanced, and desires the fruits of civilization in the cheapest and most convenient ways.
Reprinting English literature seemed easy and inexpensive, and so America borrowed voraciously.”</font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">Barnes continued: “In 1831, ‘An Act to Amend the Several Acts Respecting Copyrights’ was signed. It extended the copyright term from fourteen to twentyeight years, with
the option of renewal for an additional fourteen. If an author died, his widow or children could apply for the extension. For the first time, the law allowed musical compositions to be copyrighted. But not a word on international copyright. In fact, foreign
authors were explicitly barred from protection, which in essence safeguarded reprints.”</font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">Even the U.S. president at that time, John Quincy Adams, was himself “strongly opposed to international copyright.”</font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">In 1837, Senator Henry Clay introduced a copyright bill before the U.S. Senate. Within days, “a flood of negative memorials reached Washington,” and objections deluged
both houses of Congress. The U.S. Senate’s Patent Committee rejected “the intention of the measure,” its reasons sounding very much like the justification today of Third World countries for their liberal attitude towards intellectual property. The Committee’s
reasons were:</font></font></i></p>
<blockquote>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i>- “<font face="DejaVuSans-Bold,
sans-serif"><font size="2"><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">A copyright agreement would promote higher book prices and smaller
editions. The point was driven home by comparing the retail prices of new books in England and America, for it was universally acknowledged that English books were disproportionately more expensive.”</font></font></font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font size="3"><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">. . .</font></font>
<br>
</font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font size="3"><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu">-
</font></font><font face="DejaVuSans-Bold, sans-serif"><font size="2"><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">Copyright has never been regarded among nations as “property standing on the footing of wares or merchandise, or as a proper subject for national
protection against foreign spoilation.” Every government has always been left to make such regulations as it thinks proper, “with no right of complaint or interference by any other government.”</font></font></font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i>- <font face="DejaVuSans-Bold, sans-serif">
<font size="2"><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">British authors only want the U.S. Congress to pass an act which will enable them to “monopolize the publication here [in the U.S.] as well as in England, of all English works for the supply of the
American market.”</font></font></font></font></i></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3"><i>The Committee also explained why international patents were acceptable but not international copyrights: “American ingenuity in the arts and practical sciences, would
derive at least as much benefit from international patent laws, as that of foreigners. Not so with authorship and bookmaking.</i><br>
</font></font></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">In short, the Americans stood to gain a lot of benefits by recognizing international patents; and they likewise stood to gain a lot of benefits by not recognizing international
copyrights. It was purely a matter of national interest...</font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">Thus, overwhelming opposition from various quarters, including two of the largest U.S. publishers, the Harpers of New York and the Careys of Philadelphia, continued
to block any effort that would have granted copyrights to foreign authors in America. Not even the hired services of topnotch Washington lobbyists, as well as attempts in 1852 to bribe members of the U.S. Congress and the U.S. press, could get an Anglo-American
copyright treaty passed.</font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">The U.S. reprinters advanced their own arguments for reprinting British publications without regard for international copyrights:</font></font></i></p>
<blockquote>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="DejaVuSans-Bold, sans-serif"><font size="2"><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">They were making available to the American people cheap books which would otherwise
be very costly if they had to compensate foreign authors. It was generally acknowledged that the low prices of American books would inevitably rise after the passage of a copyright treaty.</font></font></font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="DejaVuSans-Bold, sans-serif"><font size="2"><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">Access by the American printing industry to British works provided Americans
with thousands of jobs.</font></font></font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="DejaVuSans-Bold, sans-serif"><font size="2"><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">British authors and publishers would exercise “complete control over the publication
of their works in the U.S.” Popular British writers “could then exact their own prices for their books when sold here [in the U.S.]” Thus copyright would not only enhance the profits of major authors, but at the same time protect and encourage second rate
foreign talent.</font></font></font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="DejaVuSans-Bold, sans-serif"><font size="2"><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">International copyrights “would also interfere with the laws of supply and
demand because it encouraged monopoly which was never in the public interest.”</font></font></font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="DejaVuSans-Bold, sans-serif"><font size="2"><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">Tariff duties might be appropriate for some industries, but they were never
intended to confer a monopoly on a producer.</font></font></font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="DejaVuSans-Bold, sans-serif"><font size="2"><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">Books are “unlike other commodities”; whereas it took the same amount of labor
to create each new hat or boot, “the multiplication of copies of a book meant a saving on each additional facsimile.”</font></font></font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="DejaVuSans-Bold, sans-serif"><font size="2"><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">Authors and publishers enjoy copyrights “only by virtue of statute law”; copyright
is not “absolute and natural ownership”. The right of individual property is subordinate to the public good which is “best served through free competition and cheap reprints.”</font></font></font></font></i></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">Several bills were introduced in 1870, 1871 and again in 1872, but they were all opposed by American publishers and the printing unions, because they would “make English
books more expensive, really benefit American authors as a class, and permanently injure the interests of book manufacturers.”</font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">And so it went. In the early 1880’s, the copyrights movement gained more strength, but not quite enough to overcome the more powerful forces that benefited from free
and unrestricted access to foreign publications.</font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">By this time, however, the U.S. had already accumulated a wealth of American authored works which were themselves widely reprinted abroad. American books like
<font face="NimbusRomNo9L-ReguItal">Uncle Tom’s Cabin </font>became quite popular in England. Also, U.S. authors and their publishers had acquired considerable political clout. The U.S. was ready to “protect” foreign authors, so that it could in turn demand
protection for American authors abroad. </font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">In July 1891, the U.S. Congress adopted the Chace International Copyright Act of 1891, establishing a framework for bilateral copyright agreements based on reciprocity.
While the act granted copyright to resident and nonresident authors for a period of 28 years, renewable for another 14, it also set very difficult conditions, reflecting the interests of the U.S. publishing industry:</font></font></i></p>
<blockquote>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">1. A foreign book had to be published in the U.S. not later than its publication in its home country.</font></font></i><br>
<i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">2. All manufacturing of books, photos, chromos and lithographs had to be done in the U.S. (This is the so called “manufacturing clause”, which is today protested by the U.S., when Third World governments adopt
it to ensure that a technology is actually worked in their own country.)</font></font></i><br>
<i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">3. Foreign copyrighted books in English, photographs, chromos, lithographs or plates could be imported for sale, but not more than two copies at a time could be imported for use, and these were subject to duty.</font></font></i><br>
<i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">4. Foreign works published before July 1, 1891 may not be copyrighted. In 1952, the U.S. joined the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC), but not the Berne Convention, which was considered the “premier instrument
of international copyright”.</font></font></i></p>
</blockquote>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">Under the UCC, the U.S. retained such protectionist measures as the requirement of manufacture in the United States.</font></font></i></p>
<p align="LEFT" style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">In the meantime, the U.S. had been exerting tremendous pressures against Third World governments to adopt strict intellectual property laws and to strengthen their enforcement.
By the late 1980’s, a number of governments, including Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea in Asia, had finally succumbed to U.S. pressure.</font></font></i></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><i><font face="NimbusRomNo9L-Regu"><font size="3">And so in 1989, the U.S. finally and belatedly acceded to the Berne copyrights convention.</font></font></i></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font size="3">= = =<br>
</font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font size="3">1989 – that is fairly recently, only about two decades ago – the USA was already a world super-power at that time. But why is the US copyright history not remembered more? And not applied to the understanding what
the “real problem” of not respecting copyright legislation is?</font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font size="3">More on this issue is in the 208 pages of
<b>The Copy/South Dossier (</b><a href="http://copysouth.org/portal/node/1" target="_blank">http://copysouth.org/portal/node/1</a>) which say as introduction:</font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in">“<font size="3">We are told that we live in the 'digital revolution' era and that we can communicate across the globe as we never could before. In fact, restrictive copyright laws still act as a serious barrier to sharing and learning
from each other. <b>This is particularly true in countries of the South where three quarters of the population live.”
</b></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><b><font size="3">And: The Internet is for everyone?!</font></b></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font size="3">I would be happy to see here some responses from Chapters in the USA – how they might help to rectify a heavily biased approaches to “piracy.”
</font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font size="3">And I would also be happy to know how you – on the background of your experience in the MPAA - plan to help that
<b>“The Internet is for everyone”</b> becomes easier to be achieved. As Roberto Verzola pointed out: When we share material goods, we have less – but when we share knowledge, we do not lose it, but our community as a whole gets richer.</font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font size="3"><br>
Norbert Klein<br>
President<br>
ISOC Cambodia Chapter</font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><font size="3">From our Chapter's site:<span lang="en-US"><b><br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.isoc-kh.org/?p=227" target="_blank">http://www.isoc-kh.org/?p=227</a></b></span></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0in"><br>
<br>
Mr. Paul Brigner - apologies: as the "Staff and Advisers" section of the ISOC site (<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.internetsociety.org/who-we-are/staff-and-advisors" target="_blank">http://www.internetsociety.org/who-we-are/staff-and-advisors</a>)
does not have your address, I share this only through the Chapter list, assuming that you are reading it anyway.
<br>
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